N47 bmw engine

N47 bmw engine. BMW P60B40 Engine List of BMW Engines The table below includes the engine code, the number of cylinders, the engine volume, the number of valves, the horsepower range, torque, the BMW model of the motor on which it is installed, the time period of use of a particular engine and many Used to time BMW N47/47S and N57 Diesel Engines. Thanks For Watching !! BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine from BMW, with many improvements over its predecessor, the BMW M47. This Kit will fit the following Vehicles: E81 N47 116d 3 doors from 09. Apr 23, 2016 · Sounds like a normal N47 diesel engine, just like mine. The name BMW and its logo are owned by BMW AG of Munich, Germany and BMW (GB) Ltd. B47 – 4 cylinder diesel engine. We outline the best modifications looking at N47 tuning and point out the optimum modifications for your car. The BMW M57 and the BMW N57 are some of the most recent iterations of the inline-six diesel. I empathise with your situation. Oct 20, 2023 · Common Problems in the BMW N47 Engine BMW’s N47 engine, a high-tech four-cylinder diesel engine, has been praised for its performance and efficiency. The USA market never received B47 engine. History Four-cylinder diesel engines at BMW Model Series Engine Cylinder capacity in cm 3 Bore/stroke in mm Power in kW/bhp at rpm Torque in Nm at rpm Market launch 123d E81 N47D20T0 1995 90/84 150/204 4000 400 1750 9/07 123d E87 N47D20T0 1995 90/84 150 Jun 11, 2019 · The real problem is that this N47 timing chain issue is so well known that wherever you take your car, the mechanics sees it as an easy money to make (around 2000Euro +) Knock on the wood, this engine is still a virgin and i would like to keep it the way it is as far as i can, unless i am not sure that it worth to let these guys tear it apart. - S63T0 from engine number 2001 0053 are on left side of cylinders 5-8. The BMW N47 engine is a four-cylinder diesel engine that was produced by BMW from 2007 to 2017. Any reference related to BMW is used merely as a description. i am in the half life and many problems come up every year. Product Information. BMParts (PTY) LTD is an independent company and does not claim any connection with or authorization by the above. In this video we covered everything that you need to know about BMW's N47 diesel engine. Jul 15, 2020 · A 2013 will use the N47N engine. May 6, 2024 · The BMW N47 engine is a family of turbocharged diesel engines ranging in displacement from 1. In 2014 it was replaced with the B47. Mar 9, 2012 · seen a lot of these engines destroyed bmw M47 engine was the better engine, but 2007 they changed to the n47 on bmw cars and later stuck it in the mini,, one big issue is timing chain, they recalled a lot of them the first n47 engines after which done a story on the massive amounts of chain failure from 40k most lasted 70k, they blamed the owners for poor servicing and engine oils etc the norm Sep 2, 2020 · The very first application of BMW TwinPower Turbo came in 2011, when the constructor launched the new BMW X1 xDrive28i variant, that used a newly developed 4-cylinder petrol engine replacing the Mar 20, 2024 · The BMW N47 engine collection represents a big milestone within the improvement of diesel powertrains by the famend German automaker. To get notified when I upload new videos to watch on my channel. This engine replaced the old M47. It ranges from 1. 5w30,0w30,0w40?? Currently i have castrol edge proff 5w30. In this article, we will delve into the most common issues associated with the BMW N47 engine, from […] BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine from BMW with many improvements over its predecessor, the BMW M47. The N47 engine series is prone to early timing chain failure due to severe timing chain wear. Completely redeveloped, he debuted Dec 17, 2022 · Specs show the LCI / Euro 6 Cars are better especially if driven economically = using Start Stop, Eco Pro, etc… but few do that. Used BMW N63 Engine . I've had various places quote me and have been quoted anywhere form £600 for a full timing chain kit replacement with a two year warranty (great price, I know) up to £1,500 with a 6 Jul 17, 2024 · Is N47 a good engine? Generally speaking, the N47 is a pretty great engine. Since BMW will not own up to the timing chain problem (publicly), the best we can do is to see what the BMW owners community has said about it. In ISTA there's a 2 step service function that activates the low pressure fuel pump and the pressure regulator on the high pressure pump for approximately 3 minutes to rid the fuel system of air from the tank to the high pressure pump. Comes in the next generation of highly potent BMW engines. The more common inline-four and V8 layouts are also produced by BMW, and at times the company has produced inline-three, V10 and V12 engines, BMW also engineered non-production customised engines especially for motorsports BMW is well known for its history of inline-six (straight-six) engines, a layout it continues to use to this day despite most other manufacturers switching to a V6 layout. i very much doubt about it. The N47 engine is a diesel engine that was introduced by BMW in 2007. 0-liter 4-cylinder diesel engine series has been assembled since 2014 and is installed on cars with front-wheel drive as B47C20, rear-wheel drive as B47D20 and on Mini as B47C20A. Crankcase. Do all BMW n47’s have timing chain problems? There has been some debate about this topic, but generally speaking, it is believed that all BMW N47 engines have timing chain problems. Nov 10, 2021 · However there are millions of N47 engines out there with only a very very small percentage with chain issues. It replaced the M47 engine in 2007 and was superseded by the B47 engine in 2014. Mar 18, 2023 · This engine is rated at 230 kW (308hp) @ 4,400 rpm and 630 N-m (465lb-ft) @ 1,500-2,500 rpm; N57S 5 Series, 7 Series, X5, and X6 This version is rated at 280 kW (375hp) @ 4,000-4500 rpm and 740 N-m (546lb-ft) @ 2,000-3,000 rpm. These have a Solenoid Type Injector that are very small, and struggles to do much over 200bhp without excessive smoke and Ok, do I have an N47 engine in my BMW? The BMW N47 engine was found in the 1 series, 3 series and 5 series including the E87 LCI and E81, E82 and E88, E9X LCI, E60/E61 LCI and F10/F11 models. Over the last few months we have been developing our upgrades for the N47 / N47N Engines found in the x16d / x18d Models. I have written to Mr Reithorfer [ Chief Executive of BMW]. However problems with them usually are apparent while under load (on road). The only B diesel engine in the US received was the B57 (6 cyl) in the 2018 model 540d. fuel injectors is the major problem every 50-60. for peace of mind, by all Feb 6, 2013 · So uk BMW must have the same PuMA Consult measure M No measurement Theme 43863106-09 N47, N47S, N47T, grinding noise in the engine, the timing chain scrapes Validation date (dd / mm / yy) Current Status Affiliate Validated 14/12/12 FR, VP Vehicles involved Series E Motor Body E60 E61 E81 E82 E83 N47 N47S N47DKO N47T E84 E87 E88 E90 E91 E92 E93 If you know the engine code for your BMW, simply buy reconditioned and used engine by selecting the code, fitting and delivery available. 6-litre D-4D engines The all-new 1. Common BMW N57 Engine Problems. Decent performance with loads of torque available low in the rev range. Therefore as the mileages are increasing on these models now. History Four-cylinder diesel engines at BMW Model Series Engine Cylinder capacity in cm 3 Bore/stroke in mm Power in kW/bhp at rpm Torque in Nm at rpm Market launch 123d E81 N47D20T0 1995 90/84 150/204 4000 400 1750 9/07 123d E87 N47D20T0 1995 90/84 150 N47 TOP engine. Bc coilovers. Until they do start utilizing the new engine, BMW continues to use the N47 as a mainstay in their fleet. the truth is these engines were build to last without problems for 100. 0 l (1995 cm 3 ) Previous model: BMW N47 The B47 is a turbocharged four-cylinder - diesel engine of the automobile manufacturer BMW . Main issue which I’m sure you have experience with by now is the Carbon buildup in the EGR Tract which usually is getting pretty serious with over 100K Miles and will lead to higher MPG eventually, both on pre and post LCI Diesels. Launched in 2007, the N47 came as a successor to the M47 Mar 13, 2022 · BMW M50B25TU Engine. - N63, N63O1, N63O2, S63, N74, N74O1, S63T0 with engine numbers up to 2001 0052 are located on the right side cylinders 1-4. Nov 6, 2016 · With a 2012 you should be ok as I gather BMW finally fixed the snapping chains with a revision for the 2011 model year, however the chains can still get noisy etc if the engine doesn't benefit from regular high quality oil changes. Hi Guys,In todays video I discuss the differences, pros and cons of the N47 Engine Vs The M47CheersTBG#BMW #BMW1SERIES #e87 Donate to support the Drivelife c Apr 29, 2024 · The BMW N47 engine series represents a significant milestone in the development of diesel powertrains by the renowned German automaker. In 2008 it was phased out by the comparatively more advanced N57 engine. So here's everything you need to know, i Feb 16, 2024 · The BMW B47 diesel engine is a turbocharged inline four-cylinder diesel engine that debuted in 2014, replacing the N47 engine. Common BMW N57 engine problems include: Crankshaft Pulley Failure; Glow Plug Failure Feb 12, 2018 · Leak has left the building - DL Motor Works Thumbs up. But with the launch of new BMW X3 2015 with a face-lift, the game has been changed. I own a BMW 5 Series fitted with a N47 Engine and am sitting on this volcano of an issue. 0L applications. The more common inline-four and V8 layouts are also produced by BMW, and at times the company has produced inline-three, V10 and V12 engines, BMW also engineered non-production customised engines especially for motorsports Aug 5, 2023 · Basic BMW B47 Engine Specs. How to detect it, how to stop it and how to fix it. BMW M47N2 Head Block and Sump . However the chains used are the same version as the N47. It debuted in 2014 as the successor to the previous N47 engine. And as you can see, the N47 has been lumped in a fair few BMWs. BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine from BMW with many improvements over its predecessor, the BMW M47. The BMW N47 are awesome to work on and with carefully chosen motorsport parts like a remap, turbo kits and camshafts you will really maximize your driving experience. 0L outputting up to 204bhp. M57N2 swapped. In 2019 it is due to begin being replaced with the B47. Mar 14, 2022 · bmw f30 3 series hpfp n47 n47d20c Jump to Latest 7K views 7 replies 3 participants last post by bmw320d-y0 Nov 11, 2023 Engines. I also attach a pdf: "ID Module Variant, Connect to Module", which goes into details related to concepts you appear to already have. The N47 engine is known for its efficiency, performance, and durability, making it a popular choice among BMW enthusiasts. Known for its aluminum block, this engine is lighter and more efficient than its predecessor. The newest 4 cylinder diesel in the US was N47TU. It features a DOHC design and uses common rail direct injection and a turbocharger to enhance performance and reduce emissions. ,depends on use . The B47 engine was first introduced in the BMW X3 F25. BMW is well known for its history of inline-six (straight-six) engines, a layout it continues to use to this day despite most other manufacturers switching to a V6 layout. Support the Channel HERE: h The BMW N47 diesel engine series, with a displacement of 1. It, being a modern engine, complies with the stricter emission standards using EGR and DPF technology, which leads to some Apr 10, 2023 · Basic BMW N47 Engine Specs. No impact on running of engine just get the management light with no other symptoms Jul 4, 2020 · Hey so i have bmw 118d e87 2008 105kw n47 engine. The BMW N47 was an inline, four-cylinder turbo-diesel engine that replaced the M47 engine. 0-litre engine with 112bhp from just 4000rpm. The N47 engine is a 4. 66 M240i Coupe, MW, Coral, Auto, Vis/Comfort/Sun, Pro Nav, Heated Wheel/Seats, Elec Seats/Lumbar, Adaptive, Camera/Park Assist, Speed Lim, HK, Split/Fold, WiFi/EBT, F/M, Michelin PS5, MST Intake. This new B47 engine is a part of BMW’s family of modular engines along with designs like the B38, B48, and B58. The engine was installed on: BMW 1-Series E87 in 2007 – 2013; 1-Series F20 since 2011; BMW 2-Series F22 in 2013 – 2015; BMW 3-Series E90 in 2007 – 2013; 3-Series F30 in 2011 – 2015; BMW 4-Series F32 in 2013 Mar 6, 2012 · N47 Hi Never again, I am from the UK. The N47N has proved Very reliable, I've seen less than a handful of timing chain issues and the ones that had issues had all very poor service history like 20,000 + miles without an oil change. I work in a BMW independent specialist. Launched in 2007, the N47 got here as a successor to the M47 engine and introduced quite a few developments by way of effectivity, efficiency, and emissions. According to the community, the problem lies with the crank shaft sprocket. 6 to 2. It was used in various Bmw models, including the 1 Series, 3 Series, and 5 Series. List of vehicles with BMW N47/47S & N57 engines: 328d & 328d xDrive F30/F31 N47 2014-2015, 535d & 535d xDrive F10 2014-2015, 740Ld xDrive F02 2015, X3 xDrive 28d F25 N47 2015 and X5 35d & X5 xDrive35d F15 2012-. N47 D16 A. Aug 19, 2012 · The N47 engine started to be used around Feb/March 2007 but the M47 engine continued to be fitted in some cars until Feb 2008. Jul 18, 2022 · What year BMW has n47 engine? BMW produced the N47 engine in 2006. From 2014, the N47 was progressively replaced by the B47 engine. 0 cousin, as we found out a while back. The N47 replaced the BMW M47 engine and was produced at the BMW Hams Hall Engine Plant in the UK. 1. These engines are based on the BMW N47 , [ 1 ] modified for use in Toyota vehicles, starting with the Verso in 2014. 2010 E81 N47 118d 3 doors from 09. C3 is the marker denoting low sulpher oil required for DPFs. after that you begin to rebuild the engine. 0-liters in displacement and outputs 94 to 204hp as per the configuration. These motors exist in two different generations and their updated versions are called B47TU1. Those who champion the N47 are those who understand that a well-maintained engine is a reliable companion, poised for countless adventures. The BMW N47 engine, produced from 2007 to 2014, is a notable powerplant known for its balance of performance and fuel efficiency. BMW Service. Nov 16, 2012 · But, I don't think there's anything wrong with the engine itself. BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine that has many improvements over its predecessor, the M47. 2014–present F26 X4 xDrive20d. The N47 family also includes: N47D16. The problem with timing chain failure was solved on N47 engines fitted to cars with a build date after April/May 2010. Feb 13, 2023 · 2012-2015 BMW 3-Series and 4-Series Forum. M140i 4 pots. The B47 is a diesel engine that was introduced by BMW in 2014. Jun 3, 2022 · From 2007 to roughly 2014, the BMW N47 was an inline 4-cylinder diesel engine that was used in the BMW 1, 2, 3, and 5 series, as well as the X1 and X3 diesel models. Notable for its aluminum crankcase, the engine is lighter and more efficient than its In this video we covered everything that you need to know about BMW's N47 diesel engine. until BMW N47 are good project engines and with carefully picked motorsport enhancements like remapping, turbo upgrades and camshafts you will definitely maximise your cars bhp. 2010 E87N N47 118d 5 doors from 09. 2008 E88 N47 118d Convertible E90N N47 316d Saloon E90N N47 318d Saloon Apr 5, 2016 · Posted this around as it may help other BMW diesel owners as it's a mandatory step when changing fuel filters or any work on the high pressure side. In 2014, the N47 series diesel engines were replaced Aug 29, 2022 · Inlet manifold is flap free as it’s 143bhp engine and intake is clean after I did it when engine was out last year. Every time I find something and think it’s fixed fault returns, can be after couple of days or even after couple of months. For a period of time, these engines were also installed in many Toyota minivans and crossovers. The N47 was produced until 2014 when it was replaced by the B37 for the 1. BMW S14B23 Engine. 000 km tops. The N47 engine debuted in March 2007 in the face lifted 1 Series BMW E87 and E81 and was available in the 1 Series BMW E82 and E88, which were introduced later in the same year. BMW 2. 6 pot brakes. 2008 E82 N47 118d Coupe E84 N47 X1 18d SAV E84 N47N X1 20d ed SAV E84 N47N X1 20d SAV E87N N47 116d 5 doors from 09. Push the Like button and Subscribe To My Channel . 4-pot engines are rougher running than i-6, and it looks and sounds pretty much normal. 0 liters, has been produced since 2007 and installed in all compact and mid-size models of the group, including Mini cars. And when we look at the much talked about BMW’s diesel engines especially the N47, it consistently comes up at the top. It was widely used in various BMW models, including the 1 Series, 3 Series, and 5 Series. The B47 replaced the N47 engine that was previously produced. Jan 31, 2021 · I've currently got a 2010 BMW 320d N47 which has quite a loud timing chain rattle at idle, looking to get this replaced in order to prevent a full engine rebuild. BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine that has many improvements over its predecessor, the M47. The BMW M57 is a straight-six diesel engine that was introduced back in 1998 and powered a lot of BMW diesels ranging from the 3 Series to the X5. In mid-2009, modifications were made to the chain design which did reduce the likelihood of I'm about to pick up my first BMW. . N47 TOP engine. Dec 31, 2022 · As example, I attach a jpg ScreenPrint of my SGDAT folder showing the N47 IPO/INI files (BimmerGeeks-Linked MEGA Download of BMW Standard Tools). Powerflex bushes. Featuring a four-cylinder inline configuration, the N47 engine embodies BMW's commitment to engineering precision, delivering both power and refinement. 6L-2. The situation is indicated by a rattling noise coming from the engine’s rear. Launched in 2007, the N47 got here as a successor to the M47 engine and introduced quite a few developments when it comes to effectivity, efficiency, and emissions. The base configuration has a displacement range of 1. Mar 19, 2024 · The N47 engine is a family of turbocharged diesel engines varying in displacement from 1. Change the oil and try a thicker 5w40 grade, helps quiten down the noise, nothing to worry about, what's the service history like (oil changes) being the important one? There was a recal on some of these cars for the chain, best phoning BMW they will let you know, mine wasn't included. The B47 belongs to the B-series family of modular engines, including the B37 and B57 diesel engines, as well as the B38, B48 and B58 gasoline engines, which have a Mar 20, 2024 · The BMW N47 engine sequence represents a big milestone within the improvement of diesel powertrains by the famend German automaker. 000 km. 0L and produces 94 to 204hp. Jan 5, 2021 · Introduction The BMW N47 is a four-cylinder inline diesel engine, it's the successor to the BMW M47 engine. N47 / N47N . 6 or 2. However, having just searched through Autotrader there are lots of examples of high mileage cars (1, 3 & 5 series) which have in excess of 100,000 miles and right up to 170,000. 6L application and the B47 for the 2. Although there will be five engine options for the UK customers, out of which two BMW N47 diesel engines will lead Toyota Avensis from the front. The maximum torque for the based B47 remains at 360 Newton meters, but it is now available What is N47 engine nightmare? Purchase a second-hand BMW 1, 3 or 5-Series built between 1st March 2007 and 1st March 2011 and don’t be too surprised if the vehicle is less reliable than you thought it would be. 4-liter V8 engine that was used in a variety of BMW models from the early The Bmw N47 engine is a four-cylinder diesel engine that was produced by Bmw from 2007 to 2017. Jul 18, 2022 · The BMW N47 engine is a four-cylinder diesel engine which was produced by BMW from 2007 to 2015. The BMW B47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine produced by BMW. Jun 4, 2024 · N47D20T0 / N47TOP (2007 – 2013) is the most powerful N47 engine. While the B47D models are used in rear-wheel drive cars, the B47C variants are used with front-wheel drive. That's the last revision of the N47 before the B47. BMW Garage: BMW Meets: Register: Today's Posts: Ive got an F30 318d with an n47 engine that's hit 100,000 km a month Nov 7, 2018 · E87 130d. Tuning the BMW N47 "Building the best modified BMW N47 engine!" Carref prides itself on providing the latest tips and guides to your modification project. Thanks for all the tips, all spot on. Production of the N47 common rail diesel engine began in 2007. Does anyone know what the difference is between N47 and N47T? Dec 16, 2023 · for my N43 they say that lifespan is 300-350. The engine diagram for the N47 engine illustrates the different components and their connections. Apr 27, 2021 · The 2. See full list on bimmerly. What cars have the B47 engine? 2014–2016 F10/F11 520d. N47D16 70kW, N47D16 85kW, N47D20 105kW 300Nm, N47D20 105kW 320Nm, N47D20 105kW 350Nm, N47D20 105kW 360Nm, N47D20 120kW 350. I've seen posts mention N47D, but no info about N47T. POWER BMW N47 Engine Head Block and Sump . The N47 engine is a reliable workhorse as long as you address its two most critical issues: replace the timing chain at around ~100K miles or when the engine becomes extremely noisy and replace the crankshaft pulley before that. BMW N20 Used Engine . Feb 7, 2014 · While the N47 in the xDrive18d and xDrive20d made 143 and 184, the new B47 provides 150 and 190 bhp. Position (2) are the engine code letters. after several top ups and no time to attempt and fail with NCT on the horizon I was pointed in the direction of DL Motor Works in Ballymount and in a matter of days, booked in and sorted for the OFH gasket change and dipstick o-ring, so thanks to Dave and the team, very friendly and efficient and a Aug 27, 2019 · Someone mentioned about 2014 update, version n47 or n47t changed to B47 at 03/2014. The N47 had a closed-deck, deep skirt aluminium alloy block with cast iron cylinder liners. N47 engine. However, throughout its history, there have been significant problems that have affected many owners. Models from this era suffer from a specific problem, the N47 engine has a weakness; basically READ MORE Apr 16, 2019 · Hi guys,In todays video The BMW Guy discusses the infamous N47 Engine failure. Jun 27, 2022 · The N47 is a four-cylinder inline diesel engine ranging from 1. Mar 6, 2015 · For every new model launch, BMW has always paid attention to comfort and performance. In 2014 it is due to begin being replaced with the B47. ( But the true is that nothing wrong was with these engines N47, the problem was BMW oil change intervals with 20k miles because of marketing, it was just to big time intervals that wat cause chain issues) Nov 14, 2023 · - Position (1) is the engine number. 0 liters. The Toyota WW engine family is a series of 16 valve DOHC inline-4 turbo diesel engines with common rail injection. The BMW B47 2. 0 BMW B47 four-cylinder diesel engine Manufacturer :BMW Production period: since 2014 Line four-cylinder Displacement variants :2. I havent faced the problems yet but from what I hear, I may not be that far off. People will say that the N47 is the worst BMW engine ever due to the timing chain issue. - E72 vehicles on left side of cylinders 5-8. From power and production, to fuel efficiency and tuning potential. BMW M57N2 Head Block and Sump . For some time, such diesel engines were installed on many Toyota compact vans and crossovers. BMW N52B30O0 Engine. Following from the N47 engine, in 2015 BMW released the updated version called the B47. Ours has done 105k now with no issues. Mar 10, 2023 · The BMW N47 engine is a four-cylinder, turbocharged common rail diesel engine. Dec 1, 2023 · In the grand tapestry of BMW diesel engines, the N47 emerges not as a tale of sporadic issues but as a narrative of reliability. Aug 23, 2012 · As we know, the N47 engine has a reputation for timing chain failures related to the design of the crankshaft sprocket. The timing chain hiccup, while noteworthy, is not a ubiquitous concern. BMW N20 Engine . A lot of parts of the engine are very different and improved from the N47. The N47 engine in the F30 320d produces 181 horsepower peaking at 4,000 RPM and 280 lb-ft of torque between 1,750 and 2,750 RPM, while the B47 in the G20 320d generates 188 horsepower at 4,000 RPM and 295 lb-ft of torque between 1,750 and 2,500 RPM. PS. I googled and found his email ID. com Jun 4, 2024 · N47D20T0 / N47TOP (2007 – 2013) is the most powerful N47 engine. We are not affiliated with any official BMW entity. BMW sold a lot of these 520d's, so these N47 engines are dime a dozen, so more stories of chain failures would of course pop up on forums over time, but if you want. 0 Diesel N47 Engine found in most of the E Series BMWs is very tuneable, but not as bullet proof as it's 3. Engine variants Models with N47 TOP engine for market launch in Autumn 2007. Two things I can think of to check: 1) Engine mount may be broken; this would cause engine vibrations to be not damped. I plugged in my VIN into a VIN decoder website and it says that my engine in my car is a N47T. So whitch oil is best for my engine? Castrol edge,mobile,quartz,etc. It is a Twin Turbo version with two BorgWarner KP35 and K16 turbochargers, boost pressure of 2 bar, there is also a new exhaust, piezo injectors with even higher pressure in the ramp, and the ECU used is DDE 7. 6-litre D-4D workhorse swipes the previously used Toyota Avensis 2. Toyota Avensis 1. I searched all of google and every BMW forum and there's no information about it anywhere. This means that the B47 engine is a pretty new design with all the modern BMW's N47 and N57 engines have some pretty serious and potentially catastrophic common issues you should know about. . ugmsmd xneawaa jtixf ggd enqc iioep tgszd prne sacbnx visklu


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